A precision medication study of atomoxetine in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: CYP2D6 genetic testing and therapeutic drug monitoring / 中国当代儿科杂志

Atomoxetine is the first non-stimulant drug for the treatment of children and adults with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), and its safety and efficacy show significant differences in the pediatric population. This article reviews the genetic factors influencing the pharmacokinetic differences of atomoxetine from the aspect of the gene polymorphisms of the major metabolizing enzyme CYP2D6 of atomoxetine, and then from the perspective of therapeutic drug monitoring, this article summarizes the reference ranges of the effective concentration of atomoxetine in children with ADHD proposed by several studies. In general, there is an association between the peak plasma concentration of atomoxetine and clinical efficacy, but with a lack of data from the Chinese pediatric population. Therefore, it is necessary to establish related clinical indicators for atomoxetine exposure, define the therapeutic exposure range of children with ADHD in China, and combine CYP2D6 genotyping to provide support for the precision medication of atomoxetine.

Comparison of different pretreatment methods for determination of metallic elements in ganoderma extract / 中国药学杂志

OBJECTIVE: To compare different pretreatment methods for determination of 10 metallic elements including Pb, Cd, As etc in Ganoderma extract. METHODS: Microwave digestion, automatic wet digestion and electrical heating wet digestion methods were used to conduct pretreatment of Ganoderma extact, then the contents of Pb, Cd, Hg, As, Cu, Fe, Mn, Zn, Al, Zn and Cr were determined by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). RESULTS: The contents of metallic elements determined by the three kinds of digestion methods were not statistically different except for Hg (P>0.05). The average recoveries of Hg in the Ganoderma samples were 65.28% and 70.39% when processed by automatic digestion and electrical heating digestion method, respectively, much lower than the value of microwave digestion method (98.31%). The recoveries of other metallic elements ranged from 92.19% to 103. 26% by the three kinds digestion methods, with RSDs less than 5%. CONCLUSION: Automatic digestion and electrical heating digestion methods are unable to meet the requirement for simultaneous determination of the 10 kinds of metallic elements in Ganoderma extract, however, microwave digestion method can. As the microwave digestion method is simple and rapid, so it is more suitable for the determination of heavy metals in Ganoderma. It is suggested to choose appropriate sample digestion method according to specific determination requirement on metallic elements in actual situation.

Preliminary study on removal of heavy metals in Ganoderma lucidum extract with new solid scavenging technology / 中草药

Objective: To establish a new method for removal of heavy metals pollution in Chinese materia medica extracts (CMME) with new kinds of solid scavenging technology. Methods: 0.5% Ethanol aqueous solution was added into the Ganoderma lucidum extract to dissolve it, making the 10 mol/kg of scavenger into the sample solution, stirring for 15 h in ambient temperature, then the concentration of five kinds of heavy metals (Pb, Cd, Hg, As, and Cu) was determined by ICP-MS and the G. lucidum polysaccharide was detected by Phenol-sulfuric acid method in the extract with or without treatment. Results: The concentrations of five kinds of heavy metals decreased significantly after the treatment of scavenging, average removing percentages of Pb, Cd, Hg, As, and Cu were respectively 73.79%, 74.28%, 57.73%, 76.55%, and 85.39%, removing percentage of the total heavy metals was 81.68%, which was up to the standard in Chinese Pharmacopoeia 2010. The content of G. lucidum polysaccharide kept almost the same after the treatment by the new solid technology. Conclusion: The removal effect of heavy metals in extract by new scavenger is significant and the content of CMME is not affected. The method can be used to deal with G. lucidum extract if the heavy metals are exceed over the standard.

Determination of 13 kinds of metal elements in 10 common Chinese materia medica injections by ICP-MS / 中草药

Objective: To establish microwave digestion-inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) method for the determination of 13 kinds of metals (Pb, Cd, Hg, As, Cu, Fe, Mn, Zn, Ba, Al, Co, Cr, and Ni) in 10 kinds of Chinese materia medica (CMM) injections which are Carthamin yellow for injection, Breviscapine for injection, Urokinase for injection, Lugua Polypeptide for injection, Xuesetong for injection, Shuanghuanglian for injection, Tanreqing Injection, Salvia miltiorrhiza Injection, Yinxing Damo Injection, and Danhong Injection). Methods: HNO3 and H2O2 are as acid digestion system; Samples were conducted pretreatment by microwave digestion instrument; Sc, In, Rh, and Re were used as internal standard elements, 13 kinds of elements were determined by ICP-MS at the same time. Results: Different kinds of the elements had a good linear relationship (r>0.999); The limit of detection was range from 0.008 to 0.069 μg/L, the average recovery rate was range from 93.61% to 100.79%; RSD values of the repeatability and precision were all less than 5%, The As and Cd in 10 kinds of CMM injections were all less than the limit of detection, Pb was ranged from 0.109 to 0.017 mg/kg, Cu was ranged from 0.016 to 0.135 mg/kg, Hg was ranged from 0.005 to 0.018 mg/kg, Fe was ranged from 0.335 to 2.081 mg/kg, Mn was ranged from 0.021 to 0.699 mg/kg, Ba was ranged from 0.009 to 0.028 mg/kg, Zn was ranged from 0.005 to 3.186 mg/kg, Al was ranged from 0.518 to 10.012 mg/kg, Co was ranged from 0.003 to 0.028 mg/kg, Cr was ranged from 0.006 to 0.179 mg/kg, Ni was ranged 0.005 to 1.187 mg/kg, five kinds of heavy metals which were needed to control were safe according to Chinese Pharmacopoeia (2010), the contents of Fe, Mn, Zn, and Al were not too high, but their safe limits were needed to be further in-depth researched and analyzed. Conclusion: This method is simple and fast, and has good accuracy and high precision, so it can be recommended for the determination of metal elements in CMM injections and provide the reference for its quality control.

Protective effect of total flavonoid C-glycosides from Abrus mollis extract on lipopolysaccharide-induced lipotoxicity in mice / 中国天然药物

Abrus mollis is a widely used traditional Chinese medicine for treating acute and chronic hepatitis, steatosis, and fibrosis. It was found that the total flavonoid C-glycosides from Abrus mollis extract (AME) showed potent antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and hepatoprotective activities. To further investigate the hepatoprotective effect of AME and its possible mechanisms, lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced liver injury models were applied in the current study. The results indicated that AME significantly attenuated LPS-induced lipid accumulation in mouse primary hepatocytes as measured by triglyceride (TG) and total cholesterol (TC) assays and Oil Red O staining. Meanwhile, AME exerted a protective effect on LPS-induced liver injury as shown by decreased liver index, serum aminotransferase levels, and hepatic lipid accumulation. Real-time PCR and immunoblot data suggested that AME reversed the LPS-mediated lipid metabolism gene expression, such as sterol regulatory element-binding protein-1 (SREBP-1), fatty acid synthase (FAS), and acetyl-CoA carboxylase 1 (ACC1). In addition, LPS-induced overexpression of activating transcription factor 4 (ATF4), X-box-binding protein-1 (XBP-1), and C/EBP homologous protein (CHOP) were dramatically reversed by AME. Furthermore, AME also decreased the expression of LPS-enhanced interleukin-6 (IL-6) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2). Here, it is demonstrated for the first time that AME ameliorated LPS-induced hepatic lipid accumulation and that this effect of AME can be attributed to its modulation of hepatic de novo fatty acid synthesis. This study also suggested that the hepatoprotective effect of AME may be related to its down-regulation of unfolded protein response (UPR) activation.

Isolation and structure elucidation of glycosides in n-butanol extracts from rhizome of Periploca calophylla / 中国中药杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To study the chemical constituents from n-butanol extracts of Periploca calophylla.</p><p><b>METHOD</b>The constituents were isolated and purified by chromatographic technology and their structures were elucidated on the basis of physicochemical property and spectroscopic methods.</p><p><b>RESULT</b>Eight glycosides were isolated and identified as periplocin (I), kaempferol 3-alpha-D-arabinoside (II), kaempferol 3-O-beta-D-glucoside (III), 3',4',5,7-tetrahydroxyflavanone-2(S)-3'-O-beta-D-glucopyranoside (IV), (+)-syringaresinol-4'-O-beta-D-monoglucoside (V), 1-sinapoylglucoside (VI), erigeside C (VII), 2,6-dimethoxy-4-hydroxyphenol 1-O-beta-D-glucoside (VIII).</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>All the compounds were isolated for the first time from this plant.</p>